Reported June 2006

BACKGROUND: Working in partnership with the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, researchers at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History discovered a cancerous tumor preserved in the bone of a 150-million-year-old dinosaur.

LOOKING FOR A DINO'S TUMOR: Using state-of-the-art computed tomography (CT) scans, the scientists imaged the spine and pelvis of a Camptosaurus (meaning "bent lizard") from the Jurassic era (210 million to 140 million years ago.) This preserved the ossified tendons, providing 3-D views so that the researchers could conduct additional studies. The museum will also be scanning a fossil of a primitive lizard that lived 300 million years ago. They will be building 3-D images from the pictures. They hope that the 3-D images will reveal sutures between skull bones, thus enabling them to characterize the dino's genus and species.

LESSONS OF THE PAST: Some of the most common medical ailments have roots that can be traced back millions of years, when our human ancestors evolved from walking on all fours to standing on two legs: back pain, knee problems and hernias, for example. Doctors can gain an edge by studying the past. Understanding the origins of human disease can help identify new ways to prevent and treat them. Partnerships like the one between the University of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Museum -- the first of its kind -- can help reveal those origins. For instance, using what is known about the fossil record and anatomical changes over time, scientists can piece together information about how genetics has influenced evolution, and vice versa. More and more physicians are beginning to realize that medicine itself is evolutionary.

ABOUT FOSSILS: Fossils are the remains of organisms like plants or animals that have been preserved through time, usually found buried within thick layers of sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is formed as new layers are added, one over the other, over time, with fossils from that specific time period forming within each layer. Because they occur in chronological order in rock formations, the fossil record is like Earth's diary. When an organism dies, it gradually breaks down so that soft tissue, muscle and internal organs decompose. However bones and teeth are more likely to be preserved, especially if buried under sediment. As the material decays over time, minerals dissolved in surrounding groundwater can seep in. The object maintains its original shape, but is now composed of hard minerals: a fossil.

The American Association of Physicists in Medicine contributed to the information contained in the TV portion of this report.

If you would like more information, please contact:

Chris Beard, Ph.D.
Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 622-3131
cmnhweb@CarnegieMNH.org

For more information about the intersection of medicine and physics, contact:

Ben Stein
American Institute of Physics
College Park, MD
(301) 209-3090
bstein@aip.org

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